Thursday, 26 November 2015

The Namesake Tree of Our Village





I took this photo yesterday morning as I stood at our fence-line and looked out over the neighboring fields. These trees are the persistent remnant of the largely Dipterocarp forests which used to cover the land. On the left, several medium size Sebang trees are to be seen. Our land is on the edge of a village called Baan Chaat; "baan" meaning house, houses or village, and "chaat" referring to the Chaat tree, Dipterocarpus obtusifolius. At first we thought these were Chaat trees but it turns out they are a similar species, Dipterocarpus intricatus.

Sebang seed
The name "Dipterocarpus" means two-winged seed.
The fruit/seed of Dipterocarp species is dispersed aerodynamically by means of these wings which cause them to spin like little helicopters as they drift to the earth. The seed on the right is from the Sebang tree. They are a beautiful bright red when hanging in clusters on the tree.


These are seeds of the Chaat tree, larger, more simple and plain than Sebang. I'm sure experts can tell the two trees apart by differences in over-all shape and foliage, but until we saw the seeds, they seemed identical to us.





Here is a little seedling growing at the bottom of our small pond. It is either Chaat or, more probably, Sebang. This year there is very little water but the soil is soft and muddy so when the seed landed here it found good conditions for growth. If we ever get a good rainy season in future this little fellow will be drowned!

I dug it out and planted it in a large pot.  I'll put it in a nice location on the land later.



Here we see cows grazing on rice stubble last winter with the Sebang trees behind them.

There was one large tree of this kind, perhaps Chaat, on the land shortly before we bought it. Unfortunately, somebody cut it down and sawed it into boards. The stump is still there and now a strong new tree is growing up from the old root.

The wood is strong and useful but not as resistant to weathering as Teak. It goes by several commercial names: Keruing, Gurjan, and locally it is Mai Hiang. It's quite probable that many of the older houses in the village are built at least partly from this wood.








Monday, 23 November 2015

Grandmother Tamarind



By far the largest and oldest tree on our garden land is this Sour Tamarind (Tamarindus Indica). Tamarinds are slow growing trees and judging by the size of this specimen, we think it may be around 100 years old. The species is thought to have originated in Africa but it was brought to South Asia so long ago that it might be considered indigenous throughout tropical Asia.


The farmers who originally cleared the forests to create rice paddies here in Isaan sometimes preferred to save useful trees rather than cutting them. They would leave the trees standing on a hummock of undisturbed higher ground called a "pone". That's where this lovely old lady is located, on the highest point of our land.

The sour variety of Tamarind, Makam Bpiao in Lao-Thai, is valued by people for its fruit pulp which makes a tangy and nutritious base for spicy condiments among other uses.

It is a leguminous tree so its presence contributes nitrogen to the soil.  It provides wonderful shade and habitat for birds and insects.



At the base of this tree we can see an old nest of tiny black stingless bees; probably  Tetragonula laeviceps .

They've built long wax tubes as entrances to the nest which is deep in the tree.






We have planted a few sweet Tamarind trees on the land but they are still very small; taking a long time to establish themselves.

We can only hope that they will prove tough enough to survive through the coming dry months.






Here is an example of commercially available sweet tamarind. The hard dry shells are not difficult to break. Inside, the pulp is visible with some stringy fiber which should be removed. We eat the fruit just like that, being careful to avoid biting down on the hard seeds and spitting them out as they are felt.

The pulp texture is soft and sticky rather than juicy. The flavor is tangy-sweet. The zing is provided by tartaric acid which is thought to be a powerful anti-oxidant.

There is plenty of fiber in tamarind fruit. It is certainly a reliable laxative.

Here is some nutritional information:





Tamarind Pulp Nutritional Value per 100 grams             (Source:USDA nutritional database)

Principle            Nutrient Value      Percentage of RDA

Energy                 239 Kcal            12%
Carbohydrates          62.50 g             40%
Protein                 2.80 g              5%
Total Fat               0.60 g              3%
Cholesterol               0 mg              0%
Dietary Fiber           5.1 g              13%

Vitamins
Folates                  14 µg              3.5%
Niacin                   1.938 mg          12%
Pantothenic acid         0.143 mg           3%
Pyridoxine               0.066 mg           5%
Thiamin                  0.428 mg          36%
Vitamin A                   30 IU           1%
Vitamin C                  3.5 mg           6%
Vitamin E                 0.10 mg          <1%
Vitamin K                  2.8 µg           2%

Electrolytes
Sodium                      28 mg           2%
Potassium                  628 mg          13%

Minerals
Calcium                     74 mg           7%
Copper 0.86 mg 9.5%
Iron                      2.80 mg          35%
Magnesium                   92 mg          23%
Phosphorus                 113 mg          16%
Selenium                   1.3 µg           2%
Zinc                      0.10 mg           1%

Phyto-nutrients
Carotene-ß                  18 µg --
Crypto-xanthin-ß             0 µg --
Lutein-zeaxanthin            0 µg --







Vagaries of Fortune



There is no discernible justice, nothing really fair in the way life distributes advantages and disadvantages so randomly among us, without regard to who deserves what.

I grew up in unusually fortunate circumstances of time, place, gender and so-called "race" which I didn't fully realize or appreciate until later.

After the second world war, as the British Empire was waning and American dominance was taking hold, a blue-eyed Caucasian male familiar with "western" culture, whose first language was English had major advantages over most other people in the world. Doors would open to someone with these characteristics, doors that might remain firmly closed to others.

Few would dispute the fact that males in virtually every society are awarded freedoms, privileges and opportunities from which women are largely excluded. Perhaps the one disadvantage that men encounter is the cultural role of "warrior".

My father had to go off to fight in WWII and his father, my grandfather, had to fight in WWI.  If I had been born just 150 km. to the south, on the U.S. side of the border I would have been drafted to fight in Vietnam. As a Canadian, though I didn't have that to worry about.

Life was easy, Canada was a peaceful and prosperous nation with relatively high standards of education, democratic justice and health care. It was a good place to begin life.

It was also advantageous for me that I was fairly tall, healthy, able to walk and run, work and play freely.  At the time, it didn't really sink in that this is not the case for everyone.

I remember in the early to mid 1950's there was a terrible scare about the polio virus.  At that time, I was a little boy of five or six.  I heard my mother anxiously discussing this threat with other moms in the  neighborhood.  Vaguely, I can recall that public swimming pools were considered especially hazardous in spreading infection.

Grim reports in the newspaper  showed kids encased in "iron lungs"; large mechanical cylinders that helped them to breathe and kept them alive. It was frightening. When I started school I did see a few kids with leg-braces and crutches or in wheelchairs due to polio.

I remember lining up nervously with my first-grade classmates to receive the newly developed Salk vaccine. I was lucky enough to escape the polio virus but many others were not.

Thailand, in 1963, didn't have a fully developed public health care system in place.  Ael was nearly a year old when a health care worker arrived at her village to inoculate the children against polio. For some reason several of the children became ill immediately after receiving these injections. Ael was one of those kids.

When the initial sickness and fever subsided, she couldn't move her legs. Suddenly, through no fault of her own, Ael faced a lifetime of major disability. Needless to say, this was a severe disadvantage for a small Asian woman living in an essentially third-world environment.

Ael's father used traditional herbal medicine and massage to help her and eventually she learned to walk in a very limited way. All her life she has had to struggle just to get around. Rough ground and stairs are especially challenging for her but she had never used even a cane, let alone crutches or a wheelchair until I came along.

As a child she had difficulty keeping up physically with the other kids but mentally she was usually far ahead of them. She has the kind of warm, lively personality that makes her a valuable friend.

In traditional societies the world over, there are strong cultural expectations on young women to marry and to bear children. Thailand is no exception to this and Ael would have made a fine wife and mother but it was just not to be. Because of her disability she was not considered marriageable.

So she put her intelligence and formidable perseverance to work at university and was able to get a degree.
Eventually she got an office job with a small engineering firm. When the office acquired a computer nobody there knew how to use it. Ael was assigned the task of learning about it. She tackled that with her usual determination and became an essential member of the staff.
Unfortunately, the Asian economic crash in 1997 put an end to that job.


When Ael and I first met, she was making a sparse but independent living as a fortune-teller and counselor.
Her technique, she says, was a blend of intuition, psychology and Buddhist wisdom.









No kids, but our amazing cat keeps us busy enough.




















Ael with a friend's baby and the baby's great-grandmother.














Until recently we were teaching conversational English in our home.

Although English is officially the second language in Thailand and it is taught in school from the early grades on, few Thai people speak English well.

The two languages are very different and few teachers have mastered enough English to teach it well. Ael managed to improve her English on her own, practicing with anyone who would talk with her until she became comfortably conversant in this useful second language.










Ael with her grandfather shortly before he died.


Nearly everyone who knows Ael is surprised by what she has been able to accomplish in her life so far. In a society where disabled people generally stay housebound, doing what they can to help out around the home and shop, she has exceeded everyone's expectations by going out and striving to develop her potential abilities and succeeding against all odds.

She has become a highly respected person to whom people turn for good advice.

And the best is yet to come.



Sunday, 1 November 2015

Coping With Drought




Cool foggy mornings and shorter days indicate the end of the monsoon season and the beginning of winter.  Ordinarily, we would look forward to this time of year as it brings some relief from the heat, but this year we foresee difficult times ahead.

Drought
The rains have been disappointing again for the the second year in succession and we can't expect significant rainfall during the next eight months.  We are in the grip of a serious and worsening drought which will bring some hardship to nearly everyone.




Just over two years ago, Ael and I were able to acquire a small piece of marginal farmland out in the quiet Isaan countryside. It had a pond and some trees but it was largely dedicated to rice paddy; the soil depleted by decades of mono-cropping. We enlarged and deepened the existing pond and dug a second one as well, filling in some of the rice paddy to create space for trees.

So far we have planted over 400 trees and large plants. We have fruit plants such as Mango, Jackfruit, Pomelo, Papaya and Banana. We have nut trees: Coconut, Cashew, Macadamia. We have Breadfruit, Banyan, Bo and Baobab.  We have Rosewood, Ebony, Mahogany and Teak as well as a variety of native forest trees. 
Tending the young trees
Although many of these trees will produce fruit or nuts and most of the rest are valuable timber species, we are not interested in their commercial value.  Actually, we are cultivating these trees for subsistence purposes and to restore forest cover, improve soil fertility, save heirloom/rare/endangered plant varieties and to do what we can to enhance biodiversity on our little patch.

We plan to move to the land in the near future and eventually support our lives increasingly by foraging food, fiber, shelter, and fuel from our cultivated forest.  
We love the trees and we've managed well, I think, to keep them alive and growing to this point. However, these young plants require water and we are not sure that we can provide enough for them in the coming months.


Water jars for irrigation

Our most recent effort is to place large concrete jars around the land with pipes to provide drip irrigation to the plants. It's a good idea but where will the water come from to fill the jars?
Drip Irrigation 

Now, after such meager rains, only tall grass and weeds grow in our rice paddy. One pond is nearly dry and the water level in the other is no higher now than it was in May.  When we open a faucet, very little water trickles from the tap.  Even our newly drilled well can't give us nearly as much water flow as it did at first.

Is this an an example of "Anthropogenic Climate Disruption"?  I would suggest that it is, but I'm not sure how much the burning of carbon fuels has to do with it. I think that removing vast areas of forest from the earth's surface is the more obvious impactor of climate stability in this part of the world.

Over the last century or two, extensive uncontrolled deforestation has taken place in Thailand. This was done to exploit the high value of the exquisite tropical hardwoods on the world market and to clear land for cash crop agriculture, chiefly of rice.


In a monsoon climate, most of the precipitation comes during a 4 month season and there is little or no rain for the remainder of the year. Forests and wetlands naturally hold and recycle the usually abundant water that comes in the rain season. Humans have worked diligently over centuries to alter the landscape, stripping off the forest cover and filling the marshes to create rice farms. This has disturbed the hydrological cycle making both times of drought and times of flooding more severe.

                                                            Modern governments have built dams, reservoirs and irrigation canals

Greenpeace photo: low reservoir 2005
to hold the water and distribute it as needed but right now the water levels are at an all-time low. Many villages around us cannot deliver water to the houses. On TV news they show parched fields, cracked earth and worried farmers. Many of them have mortgaged their land and will lose it to the banks if they can't produce a crop.

As I understand it, these periods of drought come in a cyclical pattern probably influenced by El Nino events.  It's up to people to conserve and use water wisely so that a terrible shortage crisis may be avoided.
Unfortunately, with a growing population making ever-increasing demands on the water supply for agriculture and industry, the situation is unlikely to improve.

Perhaps the rest of the world will watch and learn








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